Augusta Women Health Center Blog

Women’s health is devoted to facilitating the prevention of diseases in women. Women’s health includes diagnosis, management of health conditions and screening which are more serious in females, and have risk factors, interventions or manifestations which are unique.

Women’s health recognizes the diversity of it needs over the life cycle and how these needs reflect differences in class, culture, levels of education, race, sexual preference and ethnicity.

There are lots of diseases found in women such as blood disorders, breast cancer, diabetes, bladder and vaginal, anxiety, allergies, thyroid, cancer, infections, autoimmune illness, and ear, nose & throat.

The following are the main causes of death of women in world:-

Cancer

There are many types of cancer which affect the women. Lung cancer is the main cause of death of women in the United States. According to surveys of U.S, it is more than 73000 women died in 2005 from lung cancer.

Breast Cancer :

Breast cancer is also the cause of death for women in the U.S in 2005, more than 211,000 women will be determined with breast cancer. According to American Cancer Society, about 40,000 women die each year with this disease.

Colorectal cancer :

Colorectal cancer is also cause of death for women. In U.S, it is estimated that about 28,000 women will be died from the colorectal cancer.Patients should follow the following steps to reduce the risks of cancer: Patients should do exercise daily. They must eat a balanced diet. Patients should avoid chew tobacco. Women, who have cancer, minimize the smoking. Women with cancer, avoid exposure to sun.

Diabetes :

Diabetes is commonly found in about 18 million women in America. Diabetes is a serious health disease and it can cause kidney failure, blindness or severe nerve damage. There are two types of diabetes.

Patient should follow the following steps to reduce the diabetes:

• Patients should get the fasting blood sugar level.
• They should do exercise such as walking, regularly.
• Patients must maintain their body weight.
• Patients should take a healthy diet.

Heart disease :

Heart disease Many women are affected by serious health condition- heart disease. In the United States, it is about 489,000 deaths from heart disease each year.People should follow the following ways to reduce the risks of heart disease:

• Minimize the quantity of alcohol.
• Patients should eat fresh fruits and vegetables.
• They should control other health diseases such as diabetes, high cholesterol and hypertension.
• Avoid smoking

Patients must do exercise daily.

Information Taken from womens-health-clinic

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Treatment

Treating specific illnesses such as endometriosis may or may not treat the fertility problem. At least 10 percent of infertility problems are due to unknown causes and another 30 percent are due to problems in both the male and female partners. In addition to medication and surgical infertility treatments to treat specific health conditions in men and women, a new class of treatments that is called assisted reproductive technologies, or ART, has been developed. The most common ART is in vitro fertilization, or IVF, but new procedures can enhance the IVF process or address other infertility conditions. These procedures include:

• In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
• Intra-Uterine Insemination (IUI)
• Ovulation Induction
• Male Treatments

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

In vitro fertilization, or IVF, involves fertilization outside the body in an artificial environment. This procedure was first used for infertility in humans in 1977 at Bourne Hall in Cambridge, England. To date, tens of thousands of babies have been delivered worldwide as a result of IVF treatment. Over the years, the procedures to achieve IVF pregnancy have become increasingly simple, safe and more successful.

To accomplish pregnancy as a result of IVF, several steps are involved:

• Stimulation of the ovary to produce several fertilizable oocytes (eggs)
• Retrieval of the oocytes from the ovary
• Fertilization of the oocytes and culture of the embryos in the IVF laboratory.
• Placement of the embryos into the uterus for implantation, called embryo transfer (ET)

Some of the types of fertility that might be helped with IVF include:

• Absent fallopian tubes or tubal disease that cannot be treated successfully by surgery

• Endometriosis that has not responded to surgical or medical treatment

• A male factor contributing to infertility, in which sperm counts or motility are low but there are enough active sperm to allow fertilization in the laboratory

• Severe male factor in which sperm must be obtained surgically

• Unexplained infertility that has not responded to other treatments

• Infertility secondary to sperm antibodies

• Genetic diseases that result in miscarriage or abnormal births

The UCSF Fertility Group offers the following additional procedures in conjunction with IVF.

Assisted Hatching

Assisted hatching involves the use of mechanical or chemical thinning of the outer shell, called the zona pellucida, of the fertilized egg prior to transfer into the uterus. The technique of assisted hatching was introduced to enhance the embryo’s ability to hatch and implant after transfer. The outer shell becomes thicker and hardened with aging of the primitive egg cell, called an oocyte. As such, women of advanced age, or with an elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level on day three, may have decreased chance for embryo implantation. The embryos of women with endometriosis and poor quality embryos also may have this problem.

The technique of assisted hatching involves measuring the thickness of the outer shell in embryos that are candidates for the procedure. If an embryo has not initiated the thinning process naturally, a small “window” is created chemically in the wall of the protein coat using a dilute acidic solution pulsed onto the embryo surface through an extremely fine glass needle. The embryos are then implanted normally into the uterus.

The most extensive experience with assisted hatching has been reported from Cornell University where implantation rates are 25 percent per embryo, as compared to 18 percent per embryo with regular IVF in non-assisted cycles.

You may be a candidate for assisted hatching if you are 38 years of age or older, or if you have previously had one or more IVF cycles with failure of your embryos to implant despite otherwise good results.

Blastocyst (Embryo) Culturing

Blastocyst culturing is a technique to grow embryos beyond the third day of culture. Typically, we transfer embryos into the uterus about three days after the egg retrieval, which is several days earlier than would occur in nature. On the third day, embryos generally are between six to eight cells. We now have the ability to keep the embryos two additional days in a culturing material before implantation in the uterus. During this additional culture period, the embryos continue to grow to become “blastocysts.”

The natural process of embryo development begins with the fertilization of the egg in the outer part of the fallopian tube. As the newly formed embryo develops, it moves slowly toward the uterine cavity where it will ultimately implant. This process takes approximately six to seven days. When the embryo reaches the “blastocyst” stage, it is ready to implant.

In certain patients, blastocyst culturing allows optimal selection of embryos for transfer, resulting in an increased implantation rate. However, this technology may not necessarily increase your chance for pregnancy. The main advantage is that fewer embryos may be transferred to eliminate the possibility of triplet and quadruplet pregnancies, while maintaining a high pregnancy rate.

Please read FAQ: Blastocyst Culturing for more information about this procedure.

Embryo Co-Culturing

Embryo co-culturing is a technique initiated in the IVF laboratory at UCSF Medical Center in 1999 to improve the quality of embryos prior to transfer into the mother’s womb. This technique has been used since 1996 in other centers. It involves using a buffalo rat liver cell line to secrete nutritional products that help growing embryos improve their chances for survival. This technique is only recommended to patients who have had unsuccessful IVF cycles with poor embryo quality.

Please read FAQ: Embryo Co-Culturing for more information about this technique.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or ICSI, is the direct microinjection of a single sperm into a single egg in order to achieve fertilization. It was originally developed in 1992 to assist fertilization in couples with severe male factor infertility or couples who have had failure to fertilize in a previous IVF attempt. The procedure overcomes many of the barriers to fertilization and allows couples with little hope of achieving successful pregnancy to obtain fertilized embryos. The procedure was first used at UCSF Medical Center in 1994 and the first successful birth, achieved with ICSI assistance, was in February 1995. UCSF Medical Center was the first San Francisco Bay Area program to achieve a pregnancy and birth with this “miracle” procedure.

The technique involves very precise maneuvers to pick up a single live sperm and inject it directly into the center of a human egg. The procedure requires that the female partner undergo ovarian stimulation with fertility medications so that several mature eggs develop. These eggs are then suctioned through the vagina, using vaginal ultrasound, and incubated under precise conditions in the embryology laboratory.

The semen sample is prepared by spinning the sperm cells through a special medium. This solution separates live sperm from debris and most of the dead sperm. The specialist picks up the single live sperm in a glass needle and injects it directly into the egg.

With ICSI many couples with difficult male factor infertility problems have achieved pregnancy. The current fertilization rate of eggs injected is 70 percent to 80 percent, and pregnancy rates are comparable to those seen with IVF in couples with no male factor infertility.

Please read FAQ: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) for more information about this procedure.

Intra-Uterine Insemination (IUI)

Intra-uterine insemination (IUI), also known as artificial insemination, is the process of preparing and delivering sperm so that a highly concentrated amount of active motile sperm is placed directly through the cervix into the uterus. The current IUI pregnancy rate per treatment at UCSF Medical Center is 14 percent to 15 percent. IUI can be performed with or without fertility drugs for the female patient. The pregnancy rate with IUI is double that from using timed intercourse. IUI is commonly performed as a low-tech, cost-effective approach to enhancing fertility.

Please read FAQ: Intra-Uterine Insemination for more information about this procedure.

Ovulation Induction

Historically, oral drugs containing hormones were designed to induce ovulation in women with irregular menstrual cycles who didn’t ovulate. The goal was to stimulate the body to produce and release an egg ready to be fertilized.

Later, injected hormones were developed to increase the number of eggs reaching maturity in a single cycle, thereby increasing chances for conception. These drugs increase the risk of multiple conceptions, are more expensive, require more time and may cause ovarian over stimulation.

In the mid-90s, oral drugs were used in women with regular menstrual cycles who ovulate but who have “unexplained infertility.” The drugs may treat subtle unidentified defects in ovulation and induce the maturity of two to three eggs, instead of just one, to improve both the quality and quantity of ovulation and enhance pregnancy rates.

Ovulation induction is always combined with intrauterine insemination, and it should only be considered after a complete and thorough evaluation. All underlying hormonal disorders such as thyroid dysfunction should be treated prior to resorting to using fertility drugs.

The following common fertility drugs are used for ovulation induction:

• Clomiphene Citrate — Seraphene and Clomid
• Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG) — LH/FSH (Pergonal, Humegon, Repronex)
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) — Profasi or Pregnyl
• Leuprolide (Lupron) and Synthetic Gonadotropin (FSH/LH) Inhibitor

Please read Fertility Drugs Used to Induce Ovulation to learn more about these drugs and the possible side effects associated with taking them.

Information taken from http://www.ucsfhealth.org

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Trying to get pregnant, but want to lose a few pounds first? Heres more motivation: new evidence suggests not only does obesity during pregnancy put a mother and child at a greater risk for health problems, it is also linked to an increase of health care services.In a recent study of 13,442 pregnancies between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2004, researchers found overweight expecting women used both inpatient and outpatient health care services more frequently. This was especially true for severely obese women, with a BMI of 35 or greater.

Researchers say a higher than normal body mass index (BMI) was associated with an increased length of hospital stay for delivery, mostly due to a higher cesarean birth rate and high-risk conditions linked to obesity. The average hospital stay for extremely obese women was four-and-a-half days, compared to about three-and-a-half days for women with a normal BMI.

A higher than normal BMI was also associated with more prenatal fetal tests and obstetrical ultrasonographic examinations, more medications, and more telephone calls to obstetrics and gynecology departments. Researchers also found overweight pregnant women visited their physician more often while seeing nurse practitioners and physician assistants less frequently.

Obese women are at increased risk for complications of pregnancy, particularly hypertensive disorders, preexisting and gestational diabetes mellitus and cesarean delivery, study authors write. Given the rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity in the United States, obesity during pregnancy is now a common high-risk obstetrical condition affecting about one in five women who give birth.

For Best Treatments of all women complication please visit Augusta Women Center

 Information Taken from http://www.womenshealthissues.net

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Infertility is far more common than most people think. According to the American Society of Reproductive Medicine, approximately 6.1 million couples in the U.S.—about 10 percent of the reproductive-age population—experience fertility problems. For these couples, becoming pregnant is far from easy.

The truth is that hundreds of variables must coincide precisely for conception to occur and for a woman’s body to successfully maintain a pregnancy for nine months. The average couple between ages 29 and 33 with no fertility problems has about a 20 to 25 percent chance of getting pregnant in any given month (or menstrual cycle).

There is no “typical” infertile patient. Ovulation and sperm deficiencies are the most common infertility problems, accounting for two-thirds of all cases.

Ovulation is a complicated communication process between the hormones in a woman’s brain and the hormones in her ovaries. To understand ovulation problems related to infertility, you must first understand ovulation. As your menstrual cycle begins (day one of your period), your estrogen levels are low. Your hypothalamus (the area of your brain responsible for maintaining hormone levels) tells your pituitary gland to start producing a hormone called follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The FSH triggers a few of your follicles to develop into mature eggs. One of these follicles produces the dominant mature egg and the others disintegrate.

Mature follicles produce estrogen, and estrogen tells your hypothalamus and pituitary gland that there is a mature egg ready to be released. The pituitary gland then produces a hormone called luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes the egg to burst through your ovary wall and begin its 24-36 hour journey through the fallopian tube to be fertilized.

Ovulation problems can occur due to a number of factors:

• The ovaries may no longer contain fertilizable eggs,
• Ovulation is disrupted because of a breakdown in the hormonal communication cycle
• Scar tissue prevents ovulation from occurring (a rare occurrence)

Age is also a major factor in a woman’s fertility. After age 35, a woman’s fertility rapidly declines. By age 43, she has relatively little fertility left because her ovaries now produce fewer viable eggs.

The quality of a woman’s eggs is critical to her chances of becoming pregnant. Egg quality is particularly important when a couple is considering in vitro fertilization or other assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures. These procedures rely on the availability of multiple, high-quality eggs. Thus, in women older than 42, physicians may recommend using donor eggs.

While an older woman is more likely to have poor egg quality than a younger one, the condition can also affect younger women. In women age 35 who have been diagnosed as infertile, about 4.5 percent use donor eggs.

Less common identifiable fertility problems for women include structural problems or scarring of the fallopian tubes and/or uterus caused by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or endometriosis (a condition causing adhesions and cysts), uterine fibroids or, very rarely, birth defects.

Sperm deficiencies can include low sperm production (oligospermia) or lack of sperm (azoospermia). Sperm may also have poor motility—they don’t move properly once inside the female reproductive tract to achieve fertilization. Additionally, sperm cells may be malformed or may die before they reach the egg.

About one-third of infertility cases are due to male factors and about one-third to factors that affect women. Roughly one-third of infertility is couple-related, with a combination of problems in both partners preventing conception.

An estimated 10-20 percent of infertility cases are unexplained; the source of the problem cannot be identified. However, with today’s technology, diagnoses of unexplained infertility are declining.

Eighty-five to 90 percent of infertility cases are treated with medication or surgery. In vitro fertilization (IVF) and other types of assisted reproductive technologies (ART)—in which barriers to successful conception are overcome in the laboratory—account for only about five to 10 percent of infertility treatments.

 Information taken from www.healthywomen.org

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Our gynecology services cater to all problems women may have related to their bladder or female organs. Some primary urogynecology disorders are:

• Urinary incontinence 
  • Stress incontinence - involuntary loss of urine caused by strenuous physical activity, laughing, coughing or sneezing 
  • Urge incontinence or overactive bladder - involuntary loss of urine that occurs due to a sudden urge to urinate 
• Fecal incontinence - the involuntary loss of solid or liquid stool that can result in impaired quality of life for an individual 
• Pelvic organ prolapse - described as a fallen bladder, uterus, vagina or rectum 
• Fistulas: vesicovaginal or rectovaginal - an opening between the wall of the vagina and the wall of the bladder or rectum which can lead to urine leakage 
• Complex benign conditions of the vagina and urethra such as vaginal cysts, absence of vagina, and urethral diverticulums 
• Other problems with urination or pelvic floor

A variety of therapies can be used to treat or manage these problems. Bladder or pelvic problems should not be considered as a result of the aging process.

Information taken from Penn OB/GYN Care, please refer to this site for further information.

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Obstetrics and Gynaecology (often abbreviated to OB/GYN or O&G) are the two surgical specialties dealing with the female reproductive organs, and as such are often combined to form a single medical speciality and postgraduate training program. This combined training prepares the practicing OB/GYN to be adept at the surgical management of the entire scope of clinical pathology involving female reproductive organs, and to provide care for both pregnant and non-pregnant patients.

• Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility - gynaecologic subspecialty focusing on the medical and surgical evaluation of women with problems related to the menstrual cycle and fertility
• Gynaecological Oncology - gynaecologic subspecialty focusing on the medical and surgical treatment of women with cancers of the reproductive organs
• Urogynaecology and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery - gynaecologic subspecialty focusing on the diagnosis and surgical treatment of women with urinary incontinence and prolapse of the pelvic organs. Sometimes referred to (incorrectly) by laypersons as “Female Urology”
• Advanced Laparoscopic Surgery
• Family Planning - gynaecologic subspecialty offering training in contraception
• Pediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology
• Menopausal and Geriatric Gynaecology

Information taken from www.Wikipedia.com 

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Choosing a birth control method is one of the most personal health care decisions a woman makes. In nearly four decades of childbearing years, your need for birth control will most likely change many times. But at each life stage, you can make informed decisions by learning about all your contraceptive options and selecting one or more that best fits your reproductive health needs.

Many women are not adequately protected from an unwanted pregnancy by their choice of birth control method. In fact, about half of all pregnancies (49 percent) are unplanned. Of these unplanned pregnancies, more than half (53 percent) of the women were using some form of birth control, reports the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), a non-profit organization that focuses on reproductive health research.

According to AGI, there are two main reasons for contraceptive failure. One is inconsistency—for example, forgetting to take your birth control pills or not using a condom every time you have sex. The other is incorrect use of contraception—for example, not inserting a diaphragm the right way or not using enough spermicide.
Myths or personal concerns about the risks and safety of certain birth control options also contribute to incorrect use of birth control. Women may use a particular method only occasionally, for example, thinking that less frequent use is safer than continuous use. Or they may stop using a particular method because of bothersome side effects.

Age-related changes can lead women to believe they no longer need to use contraception. For example, women nearing menopause may mistakenly think they are no longer fertile because their menstrual cycles are no longer regular. However, the AGI notes that as many as half of all pregnancies that occur in women over age 40 are unintended. Although menopause does mark the end of a woman’s childbearing years, you have not gone through “menopause” until 12 consecutive months without a period. You can get pregnant even if your periods are irregular.

Today, American women have more contraceptive options to choose from than ever before. So you should be able to find one that works well for you and fits your lifestyle.
Other things to consider before making a contraception choice:

• Find out how much the contraceptive costs. Do you have to pay for it all at once or can the cost be spread out over a year? Will your health insurance cover it?
• Ask yourself if you can realistically use this method. Are you sure you understand how to use it properly? Will this method embarrass you or your partner? Does it fit with your lifestyle? 
• Find out how to use the method correctly and what to do if you forget to use it occasionally. 
• Ask your health care professional about side effects. What should you expect? What should you do about them if they occur and when should you expect them to stop? 
• Will this method cause any unacceptable weight gain?

You can probably think of many more questions about the birth control method you’re currently using or one you’re considering. Learn as much as you can about your options and make an informed decision about which method is the best and safest for you. Consider your needs and discuss them with your health care professional during your next medical appointment.

To get you started, here is some basic information about contraceptive options approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and resources you can use for more in-depth research. For a comparison of how effective each type of contraception is for preventing pregnancy, please see the chart, “Contraceptive Failure Rates” at the end of this entry.

Information taken from www.healthywomen.org

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